Panorama for a
Small City Histories of a Mass Medium:
Panorama Ranch 1899
Presented by Gene Meier
May 21, 2020
UNDER
CONSTRUCTION pending input from the F.W. Heine diaries
Special Thanks
to Karen Curran, D.A.R.
Special thanks
to Suzanne Wray, I.P.C.
:
January
SAN
JOSE MERCURY, Wednesday, January 4,1899
Personalities
[] William Wehner of
Evergreen was in San Francisco yesterday
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL, Saturday, January 14,1899 Around
the Corridors
[] William Wehner of
Evergreen arrived at The California yesterday
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL Tuesday, January 17,1899
Degrees Confirmed
[] A Number of Stanford
Graduates Created Bachelor of Arts Germanic
languages: Hedwig B. Buss Ida Wehner
MILWAUKEE
SENTINEL, Friday, January 20,1899
Mr. Heine Returns in February
[] F.W. Heine, the Milwaukee
artist, is still at Evergreen, California, where he and his colleagues
are painting a panorama representing the BATTLE OF MANILA [BAY]. The local artists associated
with him in the work are Messrs. Rohrbeck, Peter, Biberstein and Lohr. Mr.
Heine’s portion of the work will be completed next month, when he will return
to Milwaukee. The other artists will remain for some weeks thereafter.
February
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL, Saturday, February 4,1899
In A Serious Condition
William Wehner Confined to His Bed the Result of a Fall [] William Wehner, who is interested in the panorama of the
BATTLE OF MANILA[BAY], now being built at Central Park, is at present confined
to his ranch in (sic) Napa County,
where he lies abed in a serious condition. Some days ago Mr. Wehner was at
Central Park watching the work of the artists, who were painting the panorama.
The scaffold on which he was standing at the time suddenly broke, precipitating
him to the ground. A serious rupture was the result of his accident. He was
taken to his apartments at The California Hotel, where he was confined to his
bed for some time. A few days ago he attempted the trip to his ranch, but the
jolting of the conveyance which met him at the depot reopened his wound and for
a time he was in danger of bleeding to death. When he finally reached his home
Mr. Wehner was in a serious condition. He is somewhat improved at present, but
his friends are much alarmed about him
SAN
JOSE MERCURY, Sunday, February 5,1899 Evergreen Notes
[] Evergreen, February
4:William Wehner of Lomas Azules ranch
is reported as improving and as out of danger
UNITED STATES
PATENT OFFICE Howard
H. Gross, of Chicago, Illinois
Panorama
Specification forming part
of Letters Patent No.624,479, dated May 9,1899 Application filed
February 10,1899.Serial No. 705,170 (no model)
March
MILWAUKEE
SENTINEL, Thursday, March 2,1899
Commissions for F.W. Heine
The Milwaukee Artist to Be Busy on Smaller Pictures at San Francisco [] F.W. Heine, the artist who for some time has
been in San Francisco engaged in painting a panorama BATTLE OF MANILA
BAY, is not expected back before the middle of the month, for upon the
conclusion of his panoramic work he is to paint a number of smaller pictures on
commission. No sketches or photographs of the panoramic paintings have been
received at his studio here as yet.
MILWAUKEE
SENTINEL, Friday, March 24,1899 BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
Milwaukee Artists Have About Completed the Big Panorama of Dewey’s
Victory [] The panorama painting of Dewey’s great
fight, the BATTLE OF MANILA BAY, on which several Milwaukee artists have been
engaged for some months past, is to be placed before the public in San
Francisco this month. With the first steamer that left San Francisco after the
battle, William Wehner, under whose management the work is being done, sent an
artist, Pierre N. Boeringer, to Manila to
sketch the country all about, study the light and gather the necessary material
and information. He return in the fall
and, with Lieutenant W.T. Elliott, who was in command of the McCOLLOCH during
the battle, assisted the artists, A. Lohr and F.W. Heine of this city, in the
preliminary work. Early in November Mr. Wehner let a contract for a building to
be put up on Market Street in San Francisco and by the middle of December it
was complete and the main work begun there, the Messrs Biberstein, Rohrbeck and
Peter of Milwaukee joining the other artists in the work.
[] The preliminary work
was done at the home of Mr. Wehner, who lives at Villa Lomas Azules, ten miles
from San Jose. Mr. Lohr came there from the City of Mexico, where he now lives.
He and Mr. Heine were the chief artists of the Milwaukee studio several years
ago, when Mr. Wehner placed before the
public his BATTLE OF [ATLANTA] ,BATTLE OF MISSIONARY RIDGE, etc. The new
panorama will…be historically and geographically accurate.
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL, Thursday, March 30,1899
BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
A
Magnificent Panoramic View of the Grat Fight Now in Course of Construction
April
THE
SUN, New York , Saturday, April 1,1899,p.1
[] That so useful a
compilation as the AMERICAN ART ANNUAL, edited by Florence N. Levy, Macmillan, should not
have been attempted before seems strange, considering how many persons are in
search of the information it contains…
SANTA
CRUZ SENTINEL April 1,1899
BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
A Magnificent Panoramic View of the Great Fight Now in Course of
Construction
[per SAN FRANCISCO CALL]
[] The following European
artists are engaged in painting the splendid production: A. Lohr, F.W. Heine, Franz Biberstein, and George
Peters. W.A. Coulter, the well known marine artist, has lent his services as
has also Sol N. Sheridan, Pierce N. Boeringer, Douglas White and others
[] Michael Kutzer to Gene Meier
11-25-2009 vz F.W. Heine diary project:
”There are so
many (painters) In San Francisco Heine is also meeting other artists I never heard
of: Welch, Coulter, Otto, Kuhnau, etc.
Tuesday,
April 11,1899 [] THE TREATY OF PARIS was signed by
Spain and the United States on December 10,1898 that ended the Spanish-American
War. Effective April 11,1899
THE
EVENING NEWS, Friday, April 14,1899/San Jose How Dewey Fought At
Manila
The May Day Battle in Panorama
A Santa Clara County Man Backs the Project
Correctness of the Details
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL, Saturday, April 15,1899
INTERSTATE
PANORAMA CO.
Market Street near Eighth
THE GREAT HISTORICAL PANORAMA
BATTLE OF
MANILA
BAY
Will Open TO-DAY (SATURDAY)
at 4 P.M.
THEREAFTER DAILY from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m.
Music by Blanchard’s Military
Band
SAN
FRANCISCO CHRONICLE, Sunday, April 16,1899 p.21 BATTLE OF
MANILA [BAY]
The Big Panorama Now Open for the Public
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL, Sunday, April 16,1899
History and Art Beautiful in Combination
Realistic Panorama of BATTLE OF MANILA[BAY]
Perfection in Detail Entertainment
Appeals to All Americans
Central Park the Scene of a Great Sea Fight
That Borders So Closely on
Realism as to Almost Deceive
[7] For the purpose of preparing the
panorama Pierre N. Boeringer went as a special artist and commissioner to
Manila, made a number of elaborate water colors of the landscape and took a
series of photographs covering the whole sweep around the bay. From these views
and sketches the panorama was painted mainly by August Lohr and Franz
Biberstein of Munich, F.W. Heine of Dresden and George Peter of Vienna. […]Much
of the success of the marine portion of the panorama is due to W.A. Coulter,
the well known marine artist of THE CALL, who gave valuable advice in the
accomplishment of some of the technical difficulties of the drawing of ships,
and to the officers of the Union Iron
Works, who, being builders of the OLYMPIA, assisted by furnishing plans of
that model ship.
[9] The artists had the
further advantage during their work of frequent consultations with naval
officers who were present at the battle. All the officers of the McCULLOCH
aided in making the design correct by their criticisms and by information
freely given, and among others who have been equally helpful ware Captain Frank
Wildes of the BOSTON and Lieutenant C. Calkins, who was the
navigator of the OLYMPIA during the engagement, and Sol Sheridan, the war
correspondent of THE CALL.
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL, Thursday, April 20,1899, p.7
MARKET STREET,
NEAR EIGHTH
THE GREAT
HISTORICAL PANORAMA
BATTLE
OF MANILA
BAY
ENTRANCE OF AMERICAN FLEET,
SPANIARDS ON GUARD, DEWEY ON THE
BRIDGE, SPANISH SHIPS IN FLAMES, FIRST CALIFORNIA REGIMENT
STORMING
FORT SAN ANTONIO,MANILA,CAVITE
Open Daily 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. ADMISSIONm,50c,
CHILDREN 25c
Opera Glasses
H. GILMOUR, Manager
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL Friday April 21,1899
Piggott’s
“Pal” Convicted
[] paragraph 2: thumbnail
review of BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
MILWAUKEE
SENTINEL, Sunday, April 23,1899,p.2 Mayville
[] Miss Ida Wehner of
Villa Lomas Azules, near San Jose , California, is visiting at the home of her
relatives, A. Theodore Zilisch and family.
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL, Sunday, April 23,1899
Class of 1899 Bids Farewell to Alma Mater
Stanford Men and Women Who Go Forth to Fight Life’s Battles
[] Ida Wehner, Germanic
languages
OAKLAND
TRIBUNE, Wednesday, April 26,1899
MANILA PANORAMA [4] Aside from the great realism of the
exhibition there is a living interest centered in the battle itself because of
the number of people from this section who took part in it. All of these have
friends and these friends take pride in gazing upon the achievements of a navy
which has now become famous among the greatest sea fighters of the world.
MILWAUKEE
SENTINEL Thursday, April 27,1899
Artists Home This Week Messrs
Heine, Biberstein and Peter Are Glad to Get Back
[] F.W. Heine, who assisted
by George Peter and F. Biberstein of this city, painted the BATTLE OF MANILA
BAY panorama recently placed on exhibition in San Francisco, writes to a
Milwaukee friend that the three will probably be home at the end of the
week.”Half a year in the beautiful land of California, the land of flowers and
sunshine,” writes Mr. Heine, ”and the hour of departure is reached at last. We
three jolly artists, Peter, Biberstein and I, are on the way home. Los Angeles,
Mount Lowe,6,000 feet high, upon which we made a delightful excursion with
cable and electric cars, are parted from with some regret, and yet here is a
strong attraction towards our dear, comfortable home, where our families are
anxiously awaiting us. We hope to arrive there by the end of April.”
MAYVILE
NEWS, Thursday, April 27,1899 / Wisconsin [] Miss Ida Wehner of San Jose, California,
who visited with her uncle A.T. Zilisch, left for Chicago Monday,
where she will visit a few weeks with relatives before returning home
HEALDSBURG
TRIBUNE, ENTERPRISE AND SCIMITAR, Thursday, April 27,1899 Reorganization of
Wine Makers
Santa Clara County Appoints Delegates to a General Meeting
SAN
FRANCISCO, Thursday, April 27,1899
Boycott and Blackmail
TO: Mr. Harry Gilmour, Interstate Panorama Co.
FROM: P.H. McCarthy, W.M. Page, Secretary, Building Trades Council Dear Sir:
In regard to the request as presented by Mr. Wehner, relative to a settlement
of boycott on the Panorama BATTLE OF MANILA BAY, we have unanimously decided
that we will, upon the consideration of having published in the DAILY PRESS OF
SAN FRANCISCO, for the period of thirty (30) days, the following:
[] I., Mr. Wehner, do
hereby acknowledge that I have committed a serious and grave error in antagonizing the unions
affiliated with Building Trades Council and organized labor in San Francisco,
admit my defeat in the premises, publically apologize therefore attempting to
erect and run a place of public amusement in San Francisco. And further I. Mr.
Wehner, do hereby agree to pay to charitable institutions, to be named by
Council, the sum of one thousand dollars ($1,000) Upon fulfillment of the
foregoing, we will settle amicably, the existing difficulty between Mr. Wehner
and organized labor of this city and county.
PRESS
DEMOCRAT, Saturday, April 29,1899
What Will the Wine Men Do?
May
SAN
FRANISCO CALL, Tuesday, May 2,1899
BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
[] Several thousand
admirers of America’s great naval hero visited the panorama of the BATTLE OF
MANILA BAY at Central Park yesterday to view the lifelike presentation of the
destruction of the Spanish fleet by the vessels under the command of the
immortal Dewey just a year ago, the news of which electrified the world and
marked the beginning of a new epoch in the United States. The remarkable
fidelity with which the memorable engagement off Cavite is depicted is a
subject of enthusiastic comment by all who have paid a visit to the panorama.
To the spectator the battle appears as though the battle, which destroyed
Spain’s power in the Far East, was being fought before his eyes, and the longer
the scene is studied the more fascinating this becomes, until one can almost
hear the booming of the big guns and the screeching of the storm of shot from
the rapid-fire cannon that tore the Spanish warships to shreds and sent hundreds
of Mentojo’s sailors to their eternal rest. The panorama is deservedly popular,
whose popularity is increasing daily
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL Friday, May 5,1899 Mechanics
and Contractors Harmonious
Condition of Affairs Existing Between the Two Bodies [4] Attorney C.G. Nagle appeared before the
council on behalf of the proprietor of the BATTLE OF MANILA BAY Panorama, with
which the council has had some misunderstanding over union carpenters during
the construction of the building
BATTLE OF MANILA by
Howard H. Gross, Chicago: PANORAMA; Letters Patent No.624,479, dated May 9,1899
NEW
YORK CLIPPER, Saturday, May 13,1899
Latest By Telegraph
San Francisco p.204 Notes:
A very poor panorama of the BATTLE OF MANILA, in which much is left to the
imagination, has been unrolled on Market Street “far from the maddening crowd.”
MILWAUKEE
SENTINEL, Sunday, May 14,1899 p.6
Painting a Panorama
Work Done By Milwaukeeans in San Francisco Artist Were Aided by the McCULLOCH’s
Officers Dispatch Boat Which Shared in Dewey’s Victory Arrives at the Golden
Gate While Messrs Heine, Lohr, Peter and Biberstein Were Engaged at the
Painting, and Rendered Great Assistance BATTLE
OF MANILA BAY Accurately Depicted
[1] Four Milwaukee artists
stood with folded arms on a central view point in a spacious building in
Central Park, San Francisco, late April last, gazing upon a panorama of THE BATTLE OF
MANILA[BAY], painted by their own hands, and heard the verdict of critics that it was good. The
artists were Frederick Wilhelm Heine, August Lohr, George Peter and Franz
Biberstein, who had but recently returned to their Milwaukee studio [2] The theme of the panorama is alone
sufficient to make it one of the greater attractions of San Francisco. The
point from which the battle is viewed is the center of the circle in which the
American ships traveled as they bombarded the Spanish fleet. The time is the
beginning of the second circuit, shortly after break of day. Manila lies to the
right and Cavite to the left. The impression upon the visitor is that of being
out at sea. Water surrounds him on all sides. Directly in front is the OLYMPIA,
the flagship of the American fleet. The signal has just been given to ‘close
on’, and the steamer is just being hauled down on the OLYMPIA. Dewey is
distantly visible upon the bridge, for the OLYMPIA is over thirty feet in
height, and Dewey and some of his officers are three-quarters life size. The
OLYMPIA is being followed by the BALTIMORE, RALEIGH, PETREL, CONCORD and
BOSTON. The McCULLOCH, the dispatch boat, is also visible in the wake. The
signal flags on the vessels raised in answer to those of the flagship are still
aloft.
[3] To the right is the Spanish fleet,
led by the REINA CHRISTINA, which is already in flames. Officers and men can be
seen in the act of leaving the burning ship, some in small boats, others
swimming in the water among floating ammunition boxes and other debris. Shot
and shell are in the air; the REINA CHRISTINA is sinking.
[4] On the RALEIGH the men
can be seen cheering at the effect of a good shot. The forts on shore are
supplementing the fire of the Spanish fleet with a lively bombardment of their
own. The scene is a stirring one, and there is much in the now familiar story
of the battle that becomes newly interesting as the spectator sees it before
him. Many points of interest are to be discerned only with the aid of magnifying glasses.
[5] The panorama is the
property of William Wehner (1847-1928) , a Santa Clara wine producer, who is
said to have expended $100,000 upon it.[The panorama] is located on market
Street, in Central Park. The building is a circular one, about eighty feet in
height and about 400 feet in circumference, and is covered on the outside with corrugated iron. [6] The difficulties in painting this panorama can
probably be thoroughly appreciated only by an artist.
[7] ”Although we had on hand a
large number of photographs and sketches of Manila Bay, Cavite and other points
of interest in the vicinity of the great battle,” says George Peter, ”it was
largely due to the officers of the McCULLOCH, which was then in San Francisco
Bay, that we were enabled to reproduce the battleships in ‘fighting trim,’ and
to depict faithfully the appearance and positions of the battleships while the
fight was on, as well as various bits of minutia about the boats. There were
hundreds of details that would never occur to a civilian as part of the
arrangements of the battle ships. Sometimes it was the curve and position of a
hook, other times it was the observations of the battle by the officers of the
McCULLOCH that we sought, and many points were explained to us over and over
again with the utmost patience. In fact, the aid of the American marines was of
such value to us that I do not know what
we should have done without it. I had an excellent opportunity here to observe
the American navy, and I say there is no comparing the German navy with it in respect
to the individual intelligence, courtesy and capacity of the officers. And it
was fine to see the regard in which they all held Dewey-he was a veritable Herrgott (little God) to them.
[8] ”I remember that we had
depicted him in our preliminary sketches as somewhat excited, as a man might
naturally be under the stress of the circumstances surrounding such a momentous
occasion; but we changed this. They told us that Dewey was as perfectly calm,
upon the bridge of the OLYMPIA, as though he were on a promenade, and so we
painted him in the panorama. [9] With information we gained from the officers of
the McCULLOCH we combined early morning studies
upon San Francisco’s beautiful Bay. The photographs in our possession
showed the vessels either in sharp profile or perhaps a rear or front view,
dead-on, and we wanted them in many other positions. And so we went out to
sketch the boats that are constantly coming into the Golden Gate, often early
as 8 o’clock in the morning. At this hour the sun had not yet taken the chill
off the wind, and often we hopped around with our hands under our armpits, trying
to restore the warmth in the stiffening digits
.[10] ”Several of us arrived in
San Francisco December of last year to begin work upon the panorama. Messrs
Heine and Lohr, however, had been at San Jose, about sixty miles from San Francisco, since October,
planning a miniature panorama and adjusting sketches in the field. [11] “Fitted
out with this material, we now began
work upon the panorama. The canvas had to be hung, fastened and weighted, and
the scaffolding from which we were to paint placed upon a circular track just
inside the canvas. Sizing of glue and paint were placed upon the canvas and
diligently sand papered from top-to-bottom and from end-to-end, so as to be
perfectly smooth for a final background of paint. The interior of the panorama
building became a big artist’s studio. In on of the accompanying illustrations
you may see the miniature panorama, one tenth the size of the final one. In
this [miniature panorama]the sketches have been adjusted to positions
corresponding with those they were to occupy in the larger. You can see, too,
the traveling scaffold, and to the left the central platform from which we
viewed the work as the scaffold was moved aside from time to time. A little
petroleum stove in the foreground was often required for warmth.
[12] ”Another sketch shows the OLYMPIA in the
foreground ,and Messrs Lohr and Biberstein at work upon her. In the group of
personages is shown Mr. Lohr, Mr. Heine, me[George Peter]and ‘Our Willy”
[William Stover, Wehner’s nephew], the-man-of-all-work, who made himself
invaluable in a dozen different ways. The charge of the First California
regiment of infantry upon Malate, in one of the sketches, is a separate
panorama shown as the visitors leave the larger one on their way from the [panorama
rotunda]building. This was drawn by Mr. Heine. In addition there is another
panorama, of Dewey’s entrance into Manila Bay by moonlight. This is seen as the
visitors enter the building, before reaching the larger scene. [13] ”Our live and surroundings in San Francisco interested us as much
as the successful completion of the work in which we were engaged. I was
astonished at the great shipping trade of San Francisco. To us it had value and
attractiveness because of the carried classes and nationalities it brought to
the city-Chinese, Japanese, Mexicans, Italians, natives of the Hawaiian
islands. Hardly a day passed that a steamer from some Asiatic port did not come
in. The city and its surroundings and social life are not commonplace. I
remover that on Sylvester eve nearly
everybody in the place seemed to be in the streets, which were so crowded that
we could pass along only at the slowest pace. Everyone, from children up, was
supplied with tin and paper horns; even the ladies of the wealthier classes
were out with them, an the din they made was something terrific. They remained
in the streets until 2 o’clock in the morning, and the street cleaners spent
all of the next day gathering together the crushed horns and paper debris on
the streets.
Caption:
Interior View of the Panorama
[] Artists at work upon the main
painting from traveling scaffold [] Gallery from which to view the panorama
at the left [] Miniature panorama model, one tenth
the size of the larger, to the right [] The RALEIGH Above
Caption:
Westerners, led by Colonel Smith, in their advance upon Port Malate, August
13,1898
Caption:
On a Cold Morning
[] Here the artists are shown
starting in a winder’s day’s work, with the painting half completed, the
outlines of the OLYMPIA in the background [] Below is a detached bit of detail, showing
the BALTIMORE completed
Caption:
Men Who Did the Work
[] August Lohr, George Peter
and F.W. Heine—“Our Willy”[Stover], the “man-of-all work” seated in the
foreground
Caption
fragment [] Dewey’s Flagship Bearing Upon[…]
SAN
JOSE MERCURY, Sunday, May 21,1899
William Wehner: on the demise of the California Wine Makers’ Corporation
PACIFIC
RURAL PRESS, Saturday, May 27, 1899 Santa Clara
:Winemakers Meeting
June
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL, Sunday, June 25,1899
Wine Growers Oppose the Corporation
Santa Clara
Vineyardists Seem Disposed to Hold Aloof From the Organization
SAN
JOSE HERALD, Monday, June 26,1899
The Wine Men
Santa
Clara Growers Do Not Favor Cooperation
PACIFIC
WINE & SPIRIT REVIEW (SF) Friday, June 30,1899 William
Wehner: call for industrial unity
July
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL Tuesday July 2,1899
Captain Dyer Visits the Panorama
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL, Sunday, July 16,1899
McKinley Pays A Tribute to the Oregonians Thanks Brave
Volunteers Officially
Will Give Them A Medal
Governor Geer and Staff Return to Portland
Farewell Reception Tendered the Webfoot Executive and Party by
Representatives of California
August
MILWAUKEE
SENTINEL, Sunday, August 6,1899,p.8
Mayville
[] Miss Ida Wehner of
Evergreen, California, and Miss Georgine Rendtorff of Chicago are guess at the
home of A.T. Zilisch
SAN
FRANCISCO CALL, Sunday, August 27,1899
Provided Work for Soldiers
[] Morgan F. McCollough,
Westport, Indiana; Joseph Whitney, Dallas , Texas; and Luther Hudson, Hollingsburg,
Pennsylvania, all members of the Twenty third Infantry, were given employment
yesterday by William Wehner of Evergreen, Santa Clara County. The men had been
discharged from the service some time ago. Being unable to secure employment
they had spent all their money and for some days had been around the
headquarters tent pleading for assistance. That their cases were deserving the
Red Cross ladies were thoroughly satisfied and when Mr. Wehner made his offer
they were the first to be recommended. He stated that he had been attracted by
the appeals of the employment committee and felt that this was his duty to help
in the work of providing for the men who had gone to the front to fight for
their country. In addition to employing the men mentioned he offered to provide
accommodations at his ranch for a couple of convalescents.
September
October
EVENING
NEWS Monday October 16,1899/San Jose [] Articles of incorporation of the Kappa
Kappa Gamma Hall Association of Stanford University have been filed today with
the County Clerk. The purpose is to erect a building for the sorority at Stanford. The capital stock
is $10,000 of which $1,000 has been subscribed. The Directors for the coming year
are Ida Wehner of Evergreen; Carrie A. Goodhue of Oakland; Marie E. Merritte of
Woodland; Clara L. Martin of Reno, Nevada, and Edna M. Hobson of Eastland. J.M.
Hutchinson is their attorney.
SAN
JOSE MERCURY, Wednesday, October 25,1899
Golf Club Has Been Organized
Board of Trustees Chosen and By-Laws Adopted Last Evening
Ownership and Control to Be Vested in the Guarantee Members
SAN
JOSE HERALD, Saturday, October 28,1899
In Society
[] The following twenty
gentlemen have formed an organization, in San Jose to be known as the LINDA
VISTA GOLF CLUB, each one putting up $50 to place the association on a sound
basis…William Wehner
November
December
